5/31/2023 0 Comments Autumn season![]() ![]() Among the species for which we tested more than five samples, American robin ( Turdus migratorius) and red-winged blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus) had significantly higher incidences of exposure. Subadult birds had higher incidences of exposure than adult birds. Birds sampled in spring and fall had higher incidences of exposure than those sampled in summer or winter. Additionally, two birds were exposed to imidacloprid, acetamiprid (18,971. pg/mL) and thiacloprid (7022.2 and 17,367 pg/mL), whereas no bird tested positive for clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, or thiamethoxam, likely reflecting higher limits of detection for all compounds compared to imidacloprid. Imidacloprid was detected in 36 % of samples ( n = 294) this included quantifiable concentrations (12 % 10.8–36,131 pg/mL) and concentrations that were below the limit of quantification (25 %). ![]() Plasma from 55 species across 17 avian families was analyzed for the presence of 7 neonicotinoids using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Birds were banded and blood sampled at eight non-agricultural sites across four Texas counties. We hypothesized that neonicotinoid exposure would vary temporally and based on avian ecological traits. However, few studies have characterized exposure in wild bird communities over time. Birds can be exposed to neonicotinoids through coated seeds, soil, water, and insects, and experimentally exposed birds show varied adverse effects including mortality and disruption of immune, reproductive, and migration physiology. This work was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research FellowshipĪvian decline is occurring globally with neonicotinoid insecticides posed as a potentially contributing factor. We also thank Ally Phillimore and an anonymous reviewer for detailed and thoughtful reviews. We thank Abe Miller-Rushing, Pamela Templer, John Silander, Ernest Williams, Elizabeth Ellwood, Rose Abramoff, Yingying Xie, Katie Todd, Karen Oberhauser, Margaret Boeni, and Caitlin McDonough MacKenzie for their helpful comments and suggestions, and Caroyln Mills for assistance with the literature searches. This field remains wide open for discovery, Acknowledgments ![]() What we have outlined here are promising avenues for future research in autumn phenology, and possible implications for conservation management. ![]() However, much uncertainty remains about the relative contributions of different drivers, how they interact with species’ life-histories, and how temporal shifts will manifest at the community and ecosystem level. Research has identified many of the primary environmental drivers of autumn phenology. Information on the factors controlling autumn events currently comes Conclusions (i) Researchers should use factorial experiments and large-scale, multispecies observational studies to determine the mechanisms affecting autumn events, as well as the underlying phylogenetic signals. Other autumn phenomena such as amphibian dormancy and bud formation remain less studied and poorly understood.ĭespite the relative neglect of autumn, ecologists have made important progress in understanding the drivers of autumn phenology and the effects of The future of autumn researchīased on what is already known about autumn events, and the conspicuous gaps in our overall understanding on the topic, we make five core recommendations for future research into the effects of climate change on autumn phenology. Insect diapause and fruit ripening have also garnered moderate interest. In temperate ecosystems, the autumn phenomena that have received the most attention in climate change research are leaf senescence and migratory bird departures. Autumn, by contrast, has received less attention: in the publication database Scopus there are only about one-half to one-third as many climate change studies set in autumn as compared to What we know about autumn Warmer temperatures have resulted in earlier leaf-out and flowering of plants, earlier arrivals of migratory songbirds, and earlier emergence and spring migration of insects 3, 4. Numerous effects of climate change on the spring phenology (see Glossary) of temperate plants and animals are well documented 1, 2. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |